VERB

According to authors [[Ulisses Infante]] and [[José de Nicola]], a verb is a word that is inflected for number, person, tense, mood, and voice. In terms of meaning, a verb usually indicates an action, a state, or a natural phenomenon.

Rocha Lima states that the verb expresses a fact, an event: what happens to beings, or around beings.

It is the part of the sentence richest in variations of form or grammatical accidents.

Margarida Basílio defines a verb semantically as a word that corresponds to an action or process represented in time, for the purpose of predication.

 1.1 Conjugation

Verbs are grouped, according to their thematic vowel, into three conjugations:

·         First conjugation – Verbs with infinitives ending in -ar (thematic vowel – a) belong to this conjugation: cantar (to sing), falar (to speak), pensar (to think), amar (to love).

·         Second conjugation – Verbs with infinitives ending in -er (thematic vowel e) belong to this conjugation: vender (to sell), vencer (to win), ler (to read), saber (to know).

·         Third conjugation – Verbs with infinitives ending in -ir (thematic vowel i) belong to this conjugation: partir (to leave), dormir (to sleep), sorrir (to smile), pedir (to ask).

 Attention

The verb pôr (to put) and its compounds (repor, depor, compor, impor, etc.) belong to the second conjugation because pôr originates from the Latin form ponere (poer).

 1.2 Lexical Definition of a Verb

According to Rocha Lima, to conjugate a verb in Portuguese (i.e., to be able to recognize and/or generate all its inflections), two pieces of information are basically necessary: the root and the thematic vowel. · The root is the part (initial) of the word that identifies which verb is being referred to. In regular verbs, it remains the same throughout the conjugation. Only some verbs (irregular ones, and among them especially the anomalous ones: ser and ir) severely alter this part of the word, to the point of even omitting it entirely. · The thematic vowel identifies which conjugation the verb belongs to. It determines different endings (inflections) depending on the conjugation. In Portuguese, there are three, characterized by the vowels a (first), e (second), and i (third). The thematic vowel systematically appears in verbal forms, between the root and the endings. The root and the thematic vowel together form what will be conventionally called the lexical definition in this text. This is the information that ConVer needs to conjugate any verb. It is easily obtained from the infinitive: just remove the final "r".

  2. Structure of Verbal Forms

Verbal forms have three elements in their structure:

Root – Contains the basic meaning of the word; it usually repeats in all moods and tenses without modification. Example: amar (to love), beber (to drink), partir (to leave). · Thematic vowel – it is an element added to the root that allows the connection between the root and the ending; it also indicates the conjugation. Example: for the verb amar, the root is am; the ending is r. However, in Portuguese, the connection am+r is impossible; another element is needed, in this case, the thematic vowel, so we have am+a+r.

 Obs: Conjugation is an ordered set of all the inflections of a verb. Examples: amar, esquecer, dormir. Endings – these are elements placed at the end of words to indicate certain grammatical aspects; verbal endings indicate inflections for number, person, tense, and mood. Ex: amássemos, am – is the root, a – is the thematic vowel, sse – is the ending indicating mood and tense, mos – is the ending indicating person and number.

3. Verbal Inflections 

Verbs are inflected for: · Number – The verb shows inflection for number and can be in the singular or plural. Ex: it is singular when referring to a single being (eu, tu, ele, ela, você); plural when referring to more than one being (nós, vós, eles, elas, vocês). · Person – there are three persons of discourse:

 Ø  First person – the one who speaks, the speaker (in the singular, represented by the pronoun eu; in the plural, nós); Ø  Second person – the person spoken to, the receiver (in the singular, represented by the pronoun tu; in the plural, vós); Ø  Third person – the person spoken about, the referent (in the singular, represented by the pronouns ele/ela; in the plural, eles/elas).  

· Mood – inflections for mood, tense, and voice are characteristics of the verb. Inflection for mood indicates the speaker's various attitudes regarding the fact being stated. Ex: the different attitudes in eu amo (I love) and eu amei (I loved). The speaker's attitude is one of certainty; the fact is or was a reality. This attitude characterizes the indicative mood. In the examples se eu amasse (if I loved), and quando eu amar (when I love). The attitude now is one of uncertainty, doubt; it expresses a condition, a possibility. This attitude characterizes the subjunctive mood. In the example ame você (you love – imperative) and não amem (they love not), the two verbal forms express an order, a wish, a will. This is the imperative mood.

Obs: Verbs also have nominal forms: infinitive (personal and impersonal), gerund, and participle.

Tense – The process indicated by the verb can be located in time in three different ways: it can be happening at the moment of speaking; it can be a fact that has already happened, therefore prior to the moment of speaking; it can also be a fact that will still happen, i.e., a fact subsequent to the act of speaking. Thus, we characterize the three basic verb tenses: present, preterite (past), and future. Examples: eu estudo (I study), eu estudei (I studied), eu estudarei (I will study). However, the possibilities for locating a given process in time are greater. For example, when we say: Eu estudava quando ele chegou. (I was studying when he arrived.) We have a past fact that was not completed (Eu estudava), but which was present in relation to another past fact (quando ele chegou). For this reason, this tense is called the imperfect preterite. Another example: Eu jogaria se não tivesse chovido (I would play if it hadn't rained). Notice that jogaria indicates a future fact, but in relation to another past fact, already happened (it has already rained). This tense is called the future of the preterite. The present is unique; it has no subdivisions. The preterite can be perfect, imperfect, or pluperfect. The future can be of the present or of the preterite. Now, by combining the verb moods with the various possibilities of locating the fact in time, we can create the following chart: Indicative: present, Preterite → imperfect → perfect → pluperfect, Future → of the present → of the preterite. Subjunctive: Present, Preterite → imperfect → perfect → pluperfect, Future. Imperative: Present.

4. Use of Verb Tenses

a) Present – The present indicative is used to indicate: ▪ a fact that occurs at the moment of speaking: Eles estudam silenciosamente. (A compound form is also used: Eles estão estudando silenciosamente. In this case, it becomes clearer that the action is happening at the exact moment of speaking.) ▪ a habitual action: Corro todas as manhãs. (I run every morning.) ▪ a universal truth (or considered as such): O homem é mortal. (Man is mortal.) ▪ past facts. The present is used instead of the preterite to give more emphasis to the narrative: "In 1748, Montesquieu publishes the work The Spirit of the Laws..." (this is called the historical or narrative present). ▪ future facts not too distant, or even uncertain. In this case, it replaces the future: Amanhã vou à escola. (Tomorrow I will go to school.)

 b) Imperfect Preterite – The imperfect preterite indicative is used to denote: ▪ a past continuous, permanent, habitual fact: Ele andava à toa. (He used to wander around.) Nós vendíamos sempre fiado. (We always sold on credit.) ▪ a past fact, but with an uncertain time location. This occurs, for example, at the beginning of fables, legends, children's stories: Era uma vez... (Once upon a time...) ▪ a fact present in relation to another past fact: Eu lia quando ele chegou. (I was reading when he arrived.) c) Perfect Preterite – The perfect preterite indicative is used to refer to a past fact: Estudei a noite inteira. (I studied all night.) The compound form is used to indicate an action that continues up to the present moment: Tenho estudado todas as noites. (I have been studying every night.) d) Pluperfect Preterite – It is called pluperfect because it indicates a past action in relation to another past fact (i.e., it is the past of the past): A bola já ultrapassara a linha quando o jogador a alcançou. (The ball had already crossed the line when the player reached it.) e) Future of the Present – The future of the present indicative is used to indicate a future fact in relation to the moment of speaking: Irei à escola. (I will go to school.) f) Future of the Preterite – The future of the preterite indicative is used to indicate: ▪ a future fact in relation to another past fact. Eu jogaria se não tivesse chovido. (I would play if it hadn't rained.) ▪ a future fact, but doubtful, uncertain: Seria realmente agradável ter de sair? (Would it really be pleasant to have to leave?) ▪ a present fact; in this case, the future of the preterite indicates politeness and sometimes irony: Daria para fazer silêncio. (Would it be possible to be quiet?)

 Most common uses of the subjunctive mood tenses:

  a) Present – The present subjunctive is used to show: ▪ a present fact, but doubtful, uncertain: Talvez eles estudem... não sei. (Perhaps they will study... I don't know.) ▪ a wish, a will: Que eles estudem, este é o desejo dos pais e professores. (May they study, this is the wish of parents and teachers.)

b) Imperfect Preterite – The imperfect preterite subjunctive is used to indicate a hypothesis, a condition: Se eu estudasse, a história seria outra. (If I studied, history would be different.) c) Perfect Preterite – The perfect compound preterite subjunctive is used to indicate a past fact, but uncertain, hypothetical, doubtful (which are, after all, the characteristics of the subjunctive mood): Que tenha estudado bastante é o que espero. (That I have studied a lot is what I hope.) d) Pluperfect Preterite - The pluperfect preterite subjunctive is used to indicate a past fact in relation to another past fact, always according to the typical rules of the subjunctive mood: Se não tivéssemos saído da sala, teríamos terminado a prova tranquilamente. (If we hadn't left the room, we would have finished the test calmly.) e) Future – The future subjunctive is used to indicate a future fact already concluded in relation to another future fact: Quando eu voltar, saberei o que fazer. (When I return, I will know what to do.)

 5. Formation of Verb Tenses:

a) Primitive: these are the three verb tenses that originate the others: present indicative, perfect preterite indicative, personal infinitive;

b) Derived: evidently, these are the tenses that originate from the primitives. Exception made to these, all others are included.

 Derived from the present indicative 

The present indicative originates the present subjunctive and the imperatives (affirmative and negative);

a) Present subjunctive – formed from the root of the present indicative plus the endings -es, -e, -emos, -eis, -em for first conjugation verbs; for second and third conjugation verbs, the endings -a, -as, -a, -amos, -ais, -am are added;

b) Affirmative imperative – the second persons (singular and plural) are derived from the corresponding forms in the present indicative, dropping the final 's'. For example: present indicative: tu amas, vós amais; affirmative imperative: ama tu; amai vós. The other persons of the affirmative imperative are identical to the corresponding ones in the present subjunctive;

c) Negative imperative – is exactly the same as the present subjunctive.

 Derived from the perfect preterite indicative 

The perfect preterite indicative originates the pluperfect indicative, the imperfect subjunctive, and the future subjunctive; to do so, it is necessary to add the corresponding endings for each tense to the theme. The theme of the perfect preterite indicative is the root plus the thematic vowel of the second person singular. For example: (tu) amaste, where am – is the root, a – is the thematic vowel, ste – is the ending; therefore, the theme is ama. Once the theme is isolated, just add the endings: a) pluperfect indicative – endings –ra, -ras, -ra, -ramos, -reis, -ram; b) imperfect subjunctive – endings –sse, -sses, -sse, -ssemos, -sseis, -ssem; c) future subjunctive – endings –r, -res, -r, -rmos, -rdes, -rem.

 Derived from the impersonal indicative 

The impersonal infinitive indicative, the future of the present indicative, the future of the preterite indicative, the personal infinitive, the participle, and the gerund.

 a) imperfect indicative – root plus the endings –ava, -avas, -ava, -ávamos, -áveis, -avam for first conjugation verbs, and the endings -ia, -ias, -ia, -íamos, -íeis, -iam for second and third conjugation verbs;

 b) future of the present – theme (root plus thematic vowel) plus endings –rei, -rás, -rá, -remos, -reis, -rão;

 c) future of the preterite – theme plus the endings –ria, -rias, -ria, -ríamos, -ríeis, -riam;

 d) personal infinitive – impersonal infinitive plus the person endings -r (for the third person singular), -res (for the second person singular), -mos, -des, -em (for the three plural persons)

 e) participle – root plus the ending -ado for the first conjugation; root plus -ido for the second and third conjugation.

f) gerund – theme plus the ending -ndo.

 6. Verb Voices 

Verb voices indicate the relationship between the subject and the action expressed by the verb. We can have three situations: the action is performed by the subject; the action is suffered by the subject; the subject simultaneously performs and suffers the action: O homem feriu o animal. (the subject man performs the action) O animal foi ferido pelo homem. (the subject animal suffers the action) O homem feriu-se. (the subject man performs and simultaneously suffers the action).

We have the three verb voices:

a) Active voice – The subject performs the action (hence speaking of an agent subject): O homem feriu o animal. (The man injured the animal.)

b) Passive voice – The subject suffers the action (hence speaking of a patient subject): O animal foi ferido pelo homem. (The animal was injured by the man.)

The passive voice can have two structures;

• analytic passive voice: formed by the auxiliary verb ser (to be) plus the participle of the main verb;

• synthetic voice: formed by a transitive verb in the third person (singular or plural, agreeing with the subject) plus the passive pronoun se:

• reflexive voice: the subject performs or simultaneously suffers the action.

 7. Nominal Forms

There are three nominal forms of the verb: the infinitive, the gerund, and the participle. They are characterized by not indicating tense or mood, always depending on the context in which they appear. They are called nominal because, in addition to their verbal functions, they can perform the functions of nouns, i.e., as substantives, adjectives, and adverbs.

7.1 The Infinitive

It presents a verbal process in itself, without locating it in terms of time.

• Personal infinitive; when it has a subject. Deixem-me falar. (Let me speak.) (The oblique pronoun me is the subject of the infinitive falar.)

• Impersonal infinitive when it does not refer to any subject. É proibido proibir. (It is forbidden to forbid.)

When personal, the infinitive can be inflected, receiving endings indicating person, or uninflected, remaining invariable.

 7.2 The Participle

A nominal form that participates simultaneously in the nature of a verb and an adjective. As a verb, it appears in verbal phrases and compound tenses, and can also form reduced clauses:

Resolvido o problema, seguiremos adiante. (The problem having been solved, we will move forward.)

As an adjective, it accompanies nouns, inflecting for gender, number, and degree.

 7.3 The Gerund

It is the nominal form that, in addition to its verbal nature, can play the role of an adverb and, more rarely, an adjective. The gerund is a verb in verbal phrases and reduced clauses.

Chegando amanhã partimos. (Arriving tomorrow, we leave.)

The gerund indicates manner, thus resembling an adverb.

 8.0 Regular Verbs

The vast majority of verbs in the Portuguese language (over 99%) follow quite regular conjugation patterns, with well-defined orthographic rules. Any of these verbs can be defined in ConVer as shown in the previous section; just provide their lexical definition. Examples of regular verbs:

· 1st conjugation: amar (to love), andar (to walk), continuar (to continue), falar (to speak), mobiliar (to furnish), tentar (to try), usar (to use).

· 2nd conjugation: bater (to hit), correr (to run) (concorrer, percorrer, socorrer,..), dever (to owe), viver (to live).

· 3rd conjugation: existir (to exist), partir (to leave), possuir (to possess), desistir (to give up), insistir (to insist), resistir (to resist), instruir (to instruct), obstruir (to obstruct).

 9.0 The 20 Irregular Verbs

Some verbs in the Portuguese language present so many irregularities in their conjugation that they had to be programmed separately, with special rules, which occupy almost half of the entire program. There are exactly twenty of them. The majority correspond to the most basic and frequent verbs in the language. In fact, such irregularities are merely amplified versions of the small irregularities existing in other verbs (see subsequent sections). A characteristic of this group, however, differentiates it from all others. These are the only verbs where the forms of the future subjunctive, which are irregular, differ from the inflected infinitive (except for rir, ler, and crer). In these three cases, and in all other verbs in the Portuguese language, the future subjunctive is identical to the inflected infinitive. The 20 highly irregular verbs in Portuguese are: · dar (to give) · estar (to be) · ser (to be) · haver (to have) · ter (to have) · ver (to see) · vir (to come) · ir (to go) · rir (to laugh) · pôr (to put) · ler (to read) and crer (to believe) · saber (to know) and caber (to fit) · querer (to want) · poder (to be able to) · dizer (to say), fazer (to do/make) and trazer (to bring) · aprazer (to please) (literary; more common in Portugal). Of these, ser and ir are called anomalous because they lose their entire root in some tenses (in the perfect preterite and pluperfect indicative, and in the preterite and future subjunctive). Curiously, the forms of these tenses are the same in both verbs. Bold letters in the verb forms generated by ConVer precisely indicate the irregularities of that conjugation in relation to the regular paradigm.

 10.0 Verbs Derived from Irregular Verbs 

Some derivatives of the irregular verbs from the previous section also present minor variations in conjugation. These are: · sorrir (to smile), derived from rir (to laugh): (vós) rides, but sorris; · requerer (to require), derived from querer (to want) in the present: (eu) quero, but requeiro; · prover (to provide): unlike other derivatives of ver (antever, prever, rever), this conjugates almost like a regular verb, but retains the irregular present indicative and subjunctive forms of ver; · derivatives of ter (conter, deter, manter, obter,..): (ele) tem, but contém; · derivatives of vir (convir, avir, provir,..): (ele) vem, but provém; · derivatives of pôr (compor, dispor, expor, opor, supor,..): the accent in pôr distinguishes it from the preposition por; however, the derivatives do not need it; · transir, derived from ir: extremely defective, it is only conjugated in the infinitive and participle; · comprazer, from the same root as aprazer: it is totally regular, although defective like aprazer (it is not conjugated in the present subjunctive nor in the first person singular of the present indicative). (Note: the links for most of the derivatives above lead to the conjugation of the verb plus its derivator, so that differences can be compared.)

 11.0 Regular Orthographic Changes

Many regular verbs show a change in the last letter of the root in certain forms. This happens because this letter comes into direct contact with the various inflections of the verb: its junction with the initial vowel of the ending causes alterations, typically due to rules of accentuation and orthography (graphic conventions). The cases can be divided into two groups: when the final letter of the root is a vowel or a consonant. Such variations are perfectly identifiable and automatically reproduced by ConVer, based on the lexical definition. No special indication is necessary: these verbs can be defined normally like regular verbs. There are specific cases, however, that will require special indication (see below). Changes where the final letter of the root is a vowel: · verbs ending in -oer (doer, moer, roer,..): present indicative rhizotonic forms receive an accent (dôo, dóis, dói, dóem). · verbs ending in -oar (doar, perdoar, voar, magoar,..): accent in (eu) perdôo because of the double "o"; · verbs ending in -ear (basear, golpear, passear,..): present rhizotonic forms of both tenses gain an "i" in the junction of the root to the ending (baseio, baseias,.. baseiam, baseie,.. baseiem). · estrear (others?): in addition to the "i" in the rhizotonic forms (as in the case above), it receives an accent on the adjacent "e" because of the open diphthong (estréio, estréias,.. estréiam, estréie,.. estréiem). · verbs ending in -air (cair, sair, trair, esvair,..): the thematic vowel "i" appears inadvertently in (eu) caio and in the present subjunctive (caia, caias, caiamos, caiais, caiam). · verbs ending in -guar/-quar (averiguar, adequar, obliquar,..): they receive an accent on the "u" in the rhizotonic forms of both tenses (averigúo, averigúas,.. averigúe,.. averigúem. · In the case of some verbs (e.g., aguar, minguar), the accentuation will be in the middle of the root (see below: Verbs with Accents on the Root). · verbs ending in -güir/-qüir (argüir, delinqüir, others?): accented rhizotonic forms, exactly like the previous case (argúo, argúis,.. argúem, argúa,.. argúam. Changes when the end of the root is a consonant: · verbs ending in -guir (redarguir, distinguir,..): "gu" becomes "g" when adjacent to the vowels a/o (distingo, distinga,.. distingamos, distingais,..). · verbs ending in -guer (erguer, reerguer, soerguer,..): same case, "gu" becomes "g" when adjacent to the vowels a/o (ergo, erga,.. ergamos, ergais,..). · verbs ending in -gar (carregar, julgar, negar, rogar,..): opposite case to the previous ones, "g" becomes "gu" when next to "e" (julguei, julgue,.. julguemos, julgueis,..). · verbs ending in -ger (proteger, reger,..): "g" becomes "j" when joined to the vowels a/o (protejo, proteja, protejas, protejamos,..). · verbs ending in -gir (agir, reagir, dirigir, fingir,..): same case, "g" becomes "j" when adjacent to the vowels a/o (ajo, aja, ajas,.. ajam). · verbs ending in -car (ficar, tocar, aplicar, explicar, implicar,..): "c" becomes "qu" when next to "e" (fiquei, fique,.. fiquemos, fiqueis,..). · verbs ending in -çar (forçar, começar, alcançar, caçar,..): "ç" becomes "c" when next to "e" (forcei, force,.. forcemos, forceis,..). · verbs ending in -cer (crescer, parecer, aquecer, esquecer,..): opposite case to the one above, "c" becomes "ç" when adjacent to the vowels a/o (esqueço, esqueça,.. esqueçamos, esqueçais,..). · verbs ending in -zer, -zir (jazer, luzir, induzir, conduzir, produzir, traduzir,..): the 3rd person singular of the present loses the normal "e" ending of that inflection (conduz, instead of conduze).

 12.0 Irregular Orthographic Changes

Some verbs present changes similar to those in the previous section, but in an irregular way, with no apparent reason or rule for it. They are as follows: · ansiar (to yearn), incendiar (to set fire to), mediar (to mediate) and odiar (to hate) (and derivatives): they are conjugated as if they ended in -ear, in the rhizotonic forms (anseio, anseias,.. anseiam, anseie,..). · construir (to build) and destruir (to destroy) (other verbs with similar roots, instruir and obstruir, are regular): "u" becomes "ó" in (tu) constróis, (ele) constrói. · medir (to measure), pedir (to ask) (and derivatives: despedir, expedir, impedir and desimpedir): "d" becomes "ç" in (eu) peço and in the present subjunctive (peça, peças, peçamos, peçais, peçam). · ouvir (to hear): "v" becomes "ç" in (eu) ouço and in the present subjunctive (ouça, ouças, ouçamos, ouçais, ouçam). · perder (to lose): "d" becomes "c" in (eu) perco and in the present subjunctive (perca, percas, percamos, percais, percam). · valer (to be worth) (and derivatives): "l" becomes "lh" in (eu) valho and in the present subjunctive (valha, valhas, valhamos, valhais, valham). Note:

Rhizotonic: verbal forms with stress on the root (i.e., on the radical). These are normally the inflections of the present indicative and subjunctive, except for nós and vós (1st and 2nd persons plural): the stressed syllable falls on the root, unlike the normal case, which is on the endings. This is the main cause of various changes in the conjugation of many verbs, and it explains why they are often limited to these tenses. 13.0 Vowel Mutations Several Portuguese verbs regularly present, in some forms, a change in a vowel in the middle of the root. This is called vowel mutation. In verbs of the first and second conjugation, what happens to the vowel is just a variation from a closed sound to an open one (ê -> é, for example), generally in the rhizotonic forms (it is precisely the tonicity of the vowel that alters its sound). For example, in dever (to owe), the "e" in the root is pronounced closed, as in (eu) devo. But in the forms (tu) deves, (ele) deve, and (eles) devem, the "e" has an open sound. Such mutations basically occur in the vowels "e" and "o" in various verbs of the first and second conjugation (e.g., rezar (to pray), rogar (to beg), dever (to owe), correr (to run),..). It is in verbs of the third conjugation (ending in -ir) that vowel variation actually occurs, thus altering the regular verbal form. These are the cases: · mutation of "e" in the following verbs:

aderir (to adhere), advertir (to warn), convergir (to converge), divergir (to diverge), divertir (to amuse), despir (to undress), ferir (to wound) (derivatives: aferir, conferir, deferir, desferir, inferir, interferir, preferir, proferir, referir, and transferir), gerir (to manage) (derivatives: digerir, ingerir, and sugerir), refletir (to reflect), repetir (to repeat), seguir (to follow) (derivatives: conseguir, perseguir, and prosseguir), sentir (to feel), servir (to serve), vestir (to wear),..:

"e" becomes "i" in (eu) repito and in the entire present subjunctive (repita, repitas, repitamos, repitais, repitam). Furthermore, in (tu) repetes, (ele) repete, and (eles) repetem, the unaltered "e" sounds open (and not closed, as is normal). · mutation of "e" in the verbs: · agredir (to attack), denegrir (to denigrate), prevenir (to prevent), progredir (to progress), regredir (to regress), transgredir (to transgress),..:

"e" becomes "i" in the rhizotonic forms of the present indicative (agrido, agrides, agride, agridem) and in the entire present subjunctive (agrida, agridas, agridamos, agridais, agridam). · mutation in "i": · apparently, there is only one verb in this case, a very archaic one, frigir (to fry). The "i" becomes an open "e" in (tu) freges, (ele) frege, and (eles) fregem. · mutation in "o": · cobrir (to cover) (derivatives: descobrir, encobrir, recobrir), dormir (to sleep), engolir (to swallow), polir (to polish), tossir (to cough),..:

"o" becomes "u" in (eu) durmo and in the entire present subjunctive (durma, durmas, durmamos, durmais, durmam). Furthermore, in (tu) dormes, (ele) dorme, and (eles) dormem, the unaltered "o" sounds open (and not closed, as is normal). · mutation in "u": · cuspir (to spit), acudir (to help), bulir (to stir), escapulir (to slip away), fugir (to flee), sacudir (to shake), subir (to climb), sumir (to disappear), consumir (to consume),..:

"u" becomes an open "o" in (tu) cospes, (ele) cospe, and (eles) cospem.

13.0 Verbs with Accents on the Root

 Some verbs have an accent on the root of their rhizotonic forms. This is because the verb presents a configuration of letters that activates a certain accentuation rule, or because the forms in question, always rhizotonic, are proparoxytone instead of paroxytone. This type of alteration in the root is functionally identical to vowel mutations: instead of the vowel changing into another, it becomes accented. Thus, they are defined in ConVer similarly to verbs with vowel mutation. The following cases are known so far: · aguar (to water) (derivatives: desaguar, enxaguar,..): the rhizotonic forms are proparoxytone, and therefore accented (on the "a" of the root). 13. Particularities of Accentuation There are some accentuation particularities in the forms of certain verbs, solely to distinguish them from other words. They are as follows: · parar (to stop): the form (ele) pára is accented to avoid confusion with the preposition para (for). · pelar (to peel): the forms (eu) pélo, (tu) pélas, (ele) péla are accented to avoid confusion with the contractions pelo (by the + masculine singular), pelas (by the + feminine plural), and pela (by the + feminine singular). · coar (to strain): the forms (eu) côo, (tu) côas, (ele) côa are accented to distinguish them from the contractions, now completely disused, coo (com + o), coas (com + as), and coa (com + a). These verbs are defined in a special way in ConVer and not by the normal lexical definition.

 14. Verbs with Irregular Participles

The forms of the participle (normal, regular) are composed of the endings -ado for the first conjugation, and -ido for the second and third. They inflect for gender and number, as the participle has nominal value. Some verbs, however, have a reduced, irregular form of the participle. Most of these admit both forms, the regular and the irregular: these are called verbs that are abundant in participles. Others admit only the irregular form (among the latter are some of the 20 Irregular Verbs). In the case of verbs abundant in participles, the irregular form is generally more used (and usable) than the regular one. With the auxiliary ser (passive voice), for example, the irregular form is practically always used: · O candidato não foi aceito. (The candidate was not accepted.) · Ele será morto. (He will be killed.) With the auxiliaries ter and haver (compound tenses), the regular forms are generally used: · Tenho aceitado muitas reclamações. (I have accepted many complaints.) · Ele havia morrido de enfarte. (He had died of a heart attack.) However, there are no specific rules of use that determine its use in one form or the other. There is only a tendency of use in this regard. To indicate an irregular participle in addition to the normal regular participle of the verb, simply add it to the lexical definition in ConVer according to the model: "def_lexica"+"irregular_participle". To indicate an irregular participle in place of the regular form (i.e., the regular participle for this verb is incorrect), simply put a minus sign instead of a plus sign: "def_lexica"-"irregular_participle". Verbs abundant in participles are as follows: · first conjugation verbs: in almost all of them, the irregular participle is simply reduced; that is, the root is terminated by the gender and number endings (o/a/os/as or e/es). o aceitar (to accept): aceitado and aceito (aceite in Portugal); o entregar (to deliver): entregado and entregue; o expressar (to express): expressado and expresso; o expulsar (to expel): expulsado and expulso; o fritar (to fry): fritado and frito; o ganhar (to win): ganhado and ganho; o gastar (to spend): gastado and gasto; o limpar (to clean): limpado and limpo; o salvar (to save): salvado and salvo; o soltar (to release): soltado and solto; o pagar (to pay): pagado and pago; o pegar (to pick up): pegado and pego; o matar (to kill): matado and morto. · second conjugation verbs: the irregular participle alters the root, generally ending in -so or -to: o morrer (to die): morrido and morto; o acender (to light): acendido and aceso; o benzer (to bless): benzido and bento; o eleger (to elect): elegido and eleito; o prender (to arrest): prendido and preso; o suspender (to suspend): suspendido and suspenso; o romper (to break): rompido and roto (irregular form is not valid for its derivatives: corromper, irromper, interromper,..). · third conjugation verbs: there is also a change in the root in the irregular participle: o omitir (to omit): omitido and omisso; o tingir (to dye): tingido and tinto; o distinguir (to distinguish), extinguir (to extinguish),..: distinguido and distinto, etc.; o emergir (to emerge), submergir (to submerge),..: submergido and submerso, etc.; o exprimir (to express), imprimir (to print), suprimir (to suppress),..: exprimido and expresso, etc.; o inserir (to insert): inserido and inserto; o frigir (to fry): frigido and frito. Verbs that have only one irregular participle are these: · abrir (to open) (and derivatives: reabrir, entreabrir,..): aberto, etc.; · cobrir (to cover) (and derivatives: descobrir, encobrir, recobrir,..): coberto, etc.; · descrever (to describe), escrever (to write), inscrever (to inscribe), prescrever (to prescribe), sobrescrever (to superscribe), subscrever (to subscribe), transcrever (to transcribe),..: descrito, escrito, inscrito, etc. Note that the regular participle (with the ending -ido) for these verbs is invalid! The following irregular verbs (see section 20 Irregular Verbs) also have irregular participles: · ver (to see): visto; · vir (to come): vindo; · pôr (to put): posto; · dizer (to say): dito; · fazer (to do/make): feito.

 15. Defective Verbs 

Defective verbs are those that do not have a complete conjugation, meaning they do not exist in some forms. These are generally in the present indicative and subjunctive, and consequently also in the imperative mood. If in the conjugation produced by ConVer a certain form appears blank (i.e., does not appear!), it is because it does not exist in that verb (which is, therefore, defective). Traditional grammar divides defective verbs into the following groups: · Impersonal verbs: because they appear in sentences without a subject, they only appear in the 3rd person: chover (to rain), nevar (to snow), trovejar (to thunder),... Despite the lack of meaning in the 1st and 2nd person inflections, nothing prevents them from being used metaphorically: e.g., (Eu) Trovejarei sobre todos! (I will thunder upon everyone!) · Unipersonal verbs: because they represent voices or noises peculiar to certain animals, they are also only used in the 3rd person: cacarejar (to cluck), coaxar (to croak), latir (to bark), etc. Likewise, nothing (except coherence) would prevent us from saying, e.g., Tu lates igualzinho a um cachorro! (You bark just like a dog!) · Those that lack some forms for various reasons, including euphony and the possibility of confusion with another verb. Or simply due to disuse (archaism). These cases, yes, must be treated specially, as the justifications for their exclusion are genuinely orthographic, not semantic! Fortunately, the vast majority of these verbs are rarely used in colloquial language. The cases in the last group are as follows: · reaver (to recover): regular, it is not conjugated like haver. However, the entire present subjunctive is excluded, and the indicative retains only the non-rhizotonic forms: (nós) reavemos, (vós) reaveis. · precaver (to take precautions): it is not derived from nor has any affinity with haver, ver, or vir. It is a regular second conjugation verb, except that it does not have the forms of the present subjunctive, and in the present indicative it only retains the non-rhizotonic forms: (nós) precavemos, (vós) precaveis. · aguerrir (to arm), combalir (to weaken), comedir-se (to moderate oneself), desmedir-se (to unbalance oneself), embair (to deceive), falir (to fail), florir (to bloom), foragir-se (to go into hiding), renhir (to compete),..: defective like precaver and reaver, above. · aprazer (to please) and comprazer (to satisfy): they are not conjugated in the present subjunctive nor in the 1st person of the present indicative (eu). · abolir (to abolish), aturdir (to stun), brandir (to brandish), carpir (to weed), colorir (to color), compelir (to compel), competir (to compete), delinqüir (to sin), delir (to rave), demolir (to demolish), discernir (to discern), exaurir (to exhaust), expelir (to expel), extorquir (to extort), fulgir (to shine), premir (to press), impelir (to impel), propelir (to propel), repelir (to repel),..: defective like aprazer and comprazer, above. · transir: it is only conjugated in the infinitive and participle. Bibliography:

References,

Gramática Normativa da Língua Portuguesa, [[Rocha Lima]], [[Livraria José Olympio Editora]].

Novo Dicionário Básico da Língua Portuguesa [[Folha]]/[[Aurélio]], [[Editora Nova Fronteira]].

[[Novíssima Enciclopédia Delta-Larousse]], Editora Delta.

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Information at an intermediate level is provided here. If you are looking for simpler definitions, please read this http://silviolobo.com.br/DOMINIOPUBLICO/joomla/panorama/21-goiania/213-verbo-ii